家蝇AChE检测毒死蜱残留的最佳条件研究

以纯化的家蝇(Museadomestica)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)为试验材料,研究了缓冲液pH值、底物(ATCh)浓度、温度三个因素对酶活性的影响。结果表明:在pH值为8.5￣9.0,温度为30℃,底物浓度为2.5mmol/L的条件下,该酶具有最大活性。在此基础上,测定了不同pH值的缓冲反应体系和不同抑制时间条件下毒死蜱(Chiorpyifos)对AChE活性的抑制,发现pH值为8.0时AChE对毒死蜱最为敏感,而且对毒死蜱具有良好的线性响应关系(R2=0.9973),半抑制浓度仅为39.1μg/(L抑制时间为20min),检测下限为4.4μg/L。随着抑制时间的延长,毒死蜱对AChE的抑制程度逐渐增强,检测限可进一步降低。可见家蝇AChE是指示环境中毒死蜱污染程度的良好材料。     

Learning and natal host influence host preference,handling time and sex allocation behaviour in a pupal parasitoid

The host choice and sex allocation decisions of a foraging female parasitoid will have an enormous influence on the life-history characteristics of her offspring. The pteromalid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae is a generalist idiobiont pupal parasitoid of many species of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Wasps reared in Musca domestica were larger, had higher attack rates and greater male mating success than those reared in Drosophila melanogaster. In no-choice situations, na?ve female P. vindemiae took significantly less time to accept hosts conspecific with their natal host. Parasitoids that emerged from M. domestica pupae spent similar amounts of time ovipositing in both D. melanogaster and M. domestica. Those parasitoids that had emerged from D. melanogaster spent significantly longer attacking M. domestica pupae. The host choice behaviour of female P. vindemiae was influenced by an interaction between natal host and experience. Female P. vindemiae reared in M. domestica only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking M. domestica, preferentially attacking that species. Similarly, female parasitoids reared on D. melanogaster only showed a preference among hosts when allowed to gain experience attacking D. melanogaster, again preferentially attacking that species. Wasp natal host also influenced sex allocation behaviour. While wasps from both hosts oviposited more females in the larger host, M. domestica, wasps that emerged from M. domestica had significantly more male-biased offspring sex ratios. These results indicate the importance of learning and natal host size in determining P. vindemiae attack rates, mating success, host preference and sex allocation behaviour, all critical components of parasitoid fitness. Electronic Publication     

基于RNA干扰的家蝇几丁质酶2的幼虫转录组测序

几丁质酶是昆虫几丁质降解过程中的重要酶类,在昆虫整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用.为筛选及挖掘与防治有害医学昆虫相关的分子靶标,根据家蝇几丁质酶2(Musca domestica chitinase 2,MdCht2)基因序列设计并合成双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA),采用微量注射法向家蝇2龄幼虫导入dsRNA,对对照组及干扰组的样本进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因,进行GO(gene ontology)功能注释和KEGG(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)通路富集分析.结果显示,注射dsRNA 24 h后,幼虫MdCht2 mRNA的表达显著下降,提示导入的dsRNA干扰了MdCht2的表达.经转录组测序,与对照组相比,显著差异基因共213条,其中78条基因为上调表达,135条基因为下调表达.随机选取8条显著差异基因通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)进行验证,该结果与转录组结果趋势一致.根据功能注释发现这些差异基因与生长发育、脂类代谢、免疫调控等途径相关.本研究通过RNA干扰和转录组测序技术处理家蝇获得大量差异基因,结果可为后续几丁质酶相关基因的挖掘和鉴定及功能研究提供一定的数据基础.(图7表4参46)     

南天竹种质资源及利用

南天竹资源丰富,分布广泛,适应性强,是一种具有观赏、生态、药用等多种价值的树种,具有良好的开发利用前景。为了促进我国南天竹资源的开发利用,对其物种及主要品种类型,生物学特性及开发利用价值作了详细介绍,并提出了在开发利用中应注意的问题.参21.     

家蝇抗菌蛋白的分离纯化及部分性质

通过体壁损伤诱导家蝇（Musca domestica)幼虫产生免疫血淋巴，经沸水浴热变性、减压蒸馏浓缩、Sephadex G-15柱脱盐、CM-Sepharose离子交换层析、Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤等步骤，分离得到一种具抗菌活性的蛋白质，并达电泳纯，结果表明，分离物不具血细胞凝集活性，也不是溶菌酶，而是一种未见报道的抗菌蛋白，经SDS-PAGE测得，该抗菌蛋白Mr=12600,等电点为9.8。     

House fly (Musca domestica): A review of control strategies for a challenging pest

Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly called the house fly, is a major domestic, medical and veterinary pest that causes irritation, spoils food and acts as a vector for many pathogenic organisms. In this paper, the social and health problems related to housefly are introduced with the associated need to control its population. Physical and chemical methods of house fly control are briefly discussed. The main focus of this review is on the biological control methods for house fly control, that comprise botanical, fungal, bacterial and parasitoid agents. Although several biocontrol agents are still in the nascent stage, some of them (especially fungal and parasitoid agents) have shown reliable field performance and seem to be suitable candidates for commercialization. However, the majority of these laboratory and field studies have been conducted in the temperate region. It remains to be seen whether the application of biocontrol agents would be feasible in tropical environments. The integrated pest management practices, which can provide more reliable field performance, have also been discussed. A multi-dimensional approach that exerts control on all the life stages of house fly, but simultaneously preserves the fly's natural enemies could be an ecologically sustainable way of maintaining the fly populations below maximally acceptable limits.     

A fungus infecting domestic flies manipulates sexual behaviour of its host

The Enomopathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae infects and kills domestic flies Musca domestica, and rates of transmission are higher at high population densities. I tested whether features of parasitized hosts increased the likelihood of transmission of the fungus in a series of experiments. Individual flies contacting an infected conspecific had a much higher probability of becoming infected than had flies contacting a dead fly without signs of infection. Males especially were attracted to and behaved sexually towards dead, infected flies even when a choice was available between a dead, infected fly and a dead, uninfected individual. The abdomen of infected flies swelled considerably as a consequence of infection, and uninfected female flies with larger abdomens are more fecund than the average female and maybe more attractive. Experiments in which abdomens of infected and uninfected flies were cut off and glued back on other flies demonstrated that the abdomens of infected flies were highly attractive to males. When the size of the abdomen of infected and uninfected individual flies was held constant, infected dead flies were still more attractive than corpses of uninfected flies. This result suggests that features other than the size of the swollen abdomen enhanced the attractivity of infected flies. Features of infected hosts therefore increased the likelihood of transmission of the parasitic fungus.